More than four in five primary school pupils in England passed the government's check on reading and pronunciation for the first time, although figures showed wide gaps in attainment between pupils based on economic disadvantage and month of birth.
It is true that affirmative action based on economic disadvantage has not proved to be quite as effective as explicit racial preferences at bolstering minority enrollment — "Nothing is as good a proxy for race as race itself," says Sean Reardon of Stanford, who favors using both class and race.
Preferences based on economic disadvantage offer a very indirect means for achieving racial diversity ( 12, 13).
Her past work examines race differences in mothers' fear of allowing children outside based on neighborhood disadvantage, and the connection between stereotypes, stress, religion, and obesity.
The benefits of screening combined with the apparent inequalities in screening based on social disadvantage demonstrate the need for valid methods of determining and monitoring screening rates.
Healthcare disparities based on social disadvantage, including race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, language, and insurance, have been well documented for cancer screening[ 5], follow-up of abnormal cancer test results[ 6, 7], and cancer treatment[ 7, 8], [ 9].
While the exclusion of individuals not likely to participate in follow-up testing (i.e., terminal illness, TKR planned for the other knee, or plan to move to other location) compromises pragmatism, there is no exclusion based on social disadvantage, mental health problems, or poor motivation.
