From a directly measured 4.3 viable mutations per genome per generation, the viable deleterious mutation rate was converted to 2.6 by assuming a deleterious fraction of 0.6 (based on direct estimates from other viruses).
The levels of divergence observed among Helitrons in these species are much lower than what would be expected based on direct estimates of neutral substitutions rates (e.g., 5.8 × 10−8 mutations per site per year in Drosophila [ Haag-Liautard et al. 2007]) given the current estimates of their divergence times (Hedges et al. 2006).
The aims of the study are to develop a cost-minimization analysis from the hospital perspective and a cost-effectiveness analysis from the third payer standpoint, based on direct estimates of costs and QOL associated with remote follow-ups, using Merlin@home and Merlin.net, compared with standard ambulatory follow-ups, in the management of ICD and CRT-D recipients.
Based on direct estimates, in some cases it is known that the non-response rate might have reached up to 40% which makes us suspect of some significant skewness; in any case, as was stated in the statistical method section, sensibility studies will be performed applying the tables to these facts.
Objective To compute the burden of cancer attributable to current and former alcohol consumption in eight European countries based on direct relative risk estimates from a cohort study.
Thereby, the matrix H= X B projects the estimates based on direct evidence to the network estimates and provides in each row the linear coefficients for one network estimate.
Uncertainties were estimated through a practical end-to-end approach, whereby the effect of the targeted uncertainty was isolated and subsequently estimated based on direct measurements, rather than analytically deriving them via uncertainty propagation equations.
To evaluate the amount of SO2 emitted during the 2011 eruption, daily SO2 flux was estimated based on direct observations and other information.
Cost savings of interventions within the EMR were estimated based on direct costs of testing, using decreases in testing post-intervention compared to the previous year pre-implementation.
Where possible, model parameter estimates were based on direct study data; otherwise, parameter estimates were obtained from the literature.
