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These estimates were based on damages to human health, grain crop and timber yields, building materials, and recreation by criteria air pollutants including particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.
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The model was inspired by two well-known concrete constitutive laws: one based on damage mechanics (La Borderie's concrete-damage model, 1991); the other on extensive experimental studies (Eid and Paultre's confined-concrete model, 2008).
The equivalent thermal conductivity of damaged element was homogenized by a composite mechanical method based on damage and the initial thermal conductivity of sound material.
It seemed to acknowledge that current approaches to sustainability based on damage limitation were failing to halt declines in key environmental and social systems and call for a shift from palliative to restorative strategies.
The National Weather Service said the tornado struck at 4 56 a.m. with winds up to 170 miles per hour and was classified as an EF-4, the second-highest rating given to tornadoes based on damage.
Hazards and potential damages based on damage indicators are analyzed periodically.
The open literature prediction based on damage evolution relies on assuming arbitrary critical damage states.
The model can be used to design high temperature components based on damage tolerance design concept.
Furthermore, some testing phenomenon was explained based on damage mechanics theory.
The design of the detector is based on damage equations from HST and EURECA solar panels.
Initiation and propagation of fracture are simulated with the cohesive element, which is based on damage mechanics.
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