Sentence examples for based on confounding from inspiring English sources

The stronger association in studies adjusting for potential confounders may seem surprising if adjustment is primarily seen as a means of removing artificial associations based on confounding.

It remains to be established whether the associations between external agents and cryptorchidism and hypospadias are causal or based on confounding (e.g., by unknown but related occupational risk factors).

The authors' conclusions appear to be based on E-R trends in the complete cohort produced by smoking adjustments based on confounding among UG workers.

The CHS has also shown that the association between traffic proximity and asthma is modified by genetic variants in plausible biological pathways, which would be difficult to explain based on confounding by socioeconomic status or related characteristics (Salam et al. 2007).

26 53 In this context, and as mentioned above, data suggest that CTX-II may be more a marker of bone turnover than cartilage breakdown, 54 although further research is necessary to assess whether this association is based on confounding of bone turnover with the osteoarthritis process or is actually causally related due to cross-reactivity of the epitope.

A subgroup analysis based on treatment confounding was performed (supplementary figure  9): there was some evidence of greater benefit for the use of GO in trials without confounding chemotherapy (test for heterogeneity p = 0.09).

Stratification based on potential confounding variables will be performed.

However, these conclusions were based on studies that confounded child age and method.

The estimates of negative selection based on divergence are confounded by positive selection (see later); therefore, to infer weak negative selection, we used polymorphism data alone.

Based on the positive confounding from education in the preliminary results, the lack of adjustment in the final results suggests that residual confounding from SES is probable.

Based on that fact, confounding is not considered a major issue in this study.