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All three were predicted to be low expressed based on codon usage by the PLS model.
In fact, visual inspection suggests a very similar codon usage pattern between the viral groups of insect-only Flavivirus and Hepacivirus and their respective host groups, which was further evidenced by hierarchical clustering analysis based on codon usage (Figure 5).
Akashi and Gojobori [2] used a modified version of this approach to show in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis that predicted gene expression levels based on codon usage bias show a negative correlation with average protein cost.
We generated phylogenetic trees allowing us to group these genes based on codon usage, at least for the 5 mam-like genes universally shared by MTBs, i.e. mamE-, mamQ-, mamQ-, mand- and mamF-like (only Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1 is devoid of MamD).
Another common technique for genome classification is based on codon usage frequencies [ 43].
The assessment of ranking stability is illustrated for Partitiviridae and a feature set based on codon usage estimates.
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The sequences of manA from Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88 and manB from Bacillus subtilis BCC41051 were optimized based on codon-usage bias in Y.lipolytica and synthesized by overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
It should be noted that all CA studies performed here were based only on codon usage data.
The other probable reason for incoherent results is that prediction of gene expression from genomic data, based solely on codon usage, is oversimplified.
As a complementary analysis, we assessed the role of base composition on codon usage, based on comparisons of introns and gene coding DNA.
In B. subtilis the proportion of the tRNAs pairing to more than one codon is calculated based on the codon usage ratio.
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