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After 96 h, an ethanol concentration of 32 g l-1 was produced corresponding to 77% of the theoretical yield based on available sugars.
An ethanol concentration of 32 g l-1 was achieved corresponding to 76% of the theoretical ethanol yield based on available sugars.
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There was a 40-h delayed onset of glucose consumption and after 96 h, only free glucose and mannose present in the solid fraction were consumed and the ethanol concentration reached 9.5 g L-1 corresponding to 13% of the theoretical ethanol yield based on available hexose sugars.
However, when the cells were cultivated in a continuous mode using the liquid fraction and fed to the SSF process with substrate feed, the overall ethanol yield was significantly increased to 44%and53%3% of the theoretical maximum based on available hexose sugars with no enzyme feed and in combination with enzyme feed, respectively.
When the cells were cultivated in fed-batch mode using the liquid fraction and added at once to the fed-batch SSF with substrate and enzyme feed, an overall ethanol yield of 37% of the theoretical maximum based on available hexose sugars was achieved.
Enhanced cell viability was observed with cell, enzyme and substrate feed in a SSF producing 40 g l-1 ethanol after 96 h corresponding to 53% of theoretical yield based on available hexose sugars compared to 28 g l-1 ethanol in SSF with enzyme and substrate feed but no cell feed resulting in 37% of theoretical yield at a high solids loading of 20% (w/w) WIS content.
Such co-evolution is illustrated by Kdo and MTRK, both of which show two arginine residues that, based on available structural data, bind sugar substrates (Fig. 5 and Additional file 4: Figure S4).
Forbes determined the tie-breakers based on available information.
Deliveries are based on available water.
But educated guesses based on available evidence can be offered.
In particular for SSF at the highest value of fibre content tested (9% water insoluble substance, WIS), it was found that a fed-batch strategy was clearly superior to the batch process in terms of ethanol yield, where the fed-batch gave 71% of the theoretical yield (based on all available sugars) in comparison to merely 59% for the batch.
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