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However, since the annihilation photons may also be scattered by the hardware, the scatter estimate based on attenuation maps not including the hardware components may be inaccurate.
The reconstruction was performed with 2.54-mm cubic 256 × 256 matrices, integrating a scatter correction using dual-energy scatter window subtraction and an attenuation correction based on attenuation maps derived from CT data.
Flash3D is an ordered subset expectation maximisation (OSEM) reconstruction algorithm with depth-dependant 3D (axial and trans-axial) resolution recovery, scatter correction using scatter window subtraction (dual energy window approach) and attenuation correction based on attenuation maps derived from the CT data filtered with the B08s kernel.
SPECT reconstruction was performed using Flash3D [15, 16] 16], an ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) reconstruction algorithm with depth-dependant 3D (axial and trans-axial) resolution recovery, scatter correction, and attenuation correction based on attenuation maps derived from the B08s CT data.
Therefore, to investigate the effect of such inaccurate scatter estimates and the potential benefit when scatter estimation is based on attenuation maps including hardware components, we calculated and compared estimated scatter distributions corresponding to the uncorrected, xMLAA-, and CTAC-based attenuation maps.
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Dose modulation was based on attenuation measurements automatically taken during the lateral localizer.
Scatter estimation obtained employing the single scatter simulation (SSS) [52] implemented in the e7tools software was thus based on imperfect attenuation maps.
Generally, attenuation correction is made by incorporating a linear attenuation coefficient, which is based on the attenuation coefficient map (mu-map) created from a computed tomography scan, into the ordered subsets-expectation maximization reconstruction method in non-uniform domains.
Standard attenuation and scatter corrections were performed based on MRI-derived attenuation maps, complemented by emission-based attenuation data in areas not covered by MRI.
The inaccurate scatter estimates based on the uncorrected attenuation maps translate into PET quantification errors, which were found to be −1.0% and −2.2% for the average activity values throughout the entire phantoms in case of HP and RF experiments, respectively.
SPECT images were reconstructed using Astonish software (Philips Healthcare, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), which is an iterative 3D-ordered subset expectation maximization (3D-OSEM) algorithm incorporating corrections for resolution recovery, attenuation, and scatter correction based on the CT attenuation map, three iterations eight subsets and no filters.
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