First, all legal crew pairings are generated with the given flights, and then the best subset of those pairings with minimal cost are chosen via an optimisation, process based on an evolutionary algorithm.
The method to analyse mate selection used in this paper is based on an evolutionary algorithm, which loosely mimics a biological process evolving towards an optimal solution.
A disparity distribution based on a neutral evolutionary process is then generated for each relative time (node) of the tree and the observed disparity can be compared to neutral confidence intervals.
The majority of such species tree reconstruction methods reconcile the gene tree and species tree topologies using an optimality criterion based on a specific evolutionary process, such as gene duplication and loss or deep coalescence.
The algorithm is based on evolutionary process, adaptation process and the movement of microalgae.
Two neural network (NN) applications in the field of biological engineering are developed, designed and parameterized by an evolutionary method based on the evolutionary process of genetic algorithms.
There are 4 main concepts in current evolutionary gerontology based on classical evolutionary process concepts.
More to the point, GAs are based on the evolutionary process of biological organisms in nature about which theoretical foundations were originally developed by Holland [ 32].
Based on the evidence presented above, 5S rDNA families also have been proposed to evolve according to an evolutionary process known as birth-and-death [ 16, 32- 34].
The proposed approach is based on an original evolutionary algorithm called evolutionary algorithm oriented by knowledge (EAOK).
However we (evolutionary biologists) will particularly value the boundaries (and relationships) grounded in a biological process: our tools and questions can also be designed to try to unravel evolutionary groups based on evolutionary processes.
