In 1979 American astronomer Paul Weissman (the author of this article) published computer simulations of the Oort cloud energy distribution using planetary perturbations by Jupiter and Saturn and physical models of loss mechanisms such as random disruption and formation of a nonvolatile crust, based on actual observations of comets.
It is empirical and based on actual observations of current climate risks and how communities cope with them 1.
The resulting estimates for the height-for-age Z-scores at age 72 months are based on actual observations for 41%% of the cases and age categories for 48 months and above (and therefore on an individual child curve parallel to the asymptote described in the text) for 68 % of the remaining cases.
In search for empirical research papers, that is, papers based on actual observations or experiments on educational gamification, we searched the following databases: Google Scholar, ACM Digital Library, IEEE Explore and ScienceDirect using the following search terms: (gamification OR gamify OR gameful) AND (education OR learning OR training) AND (since 2014).
As little of Freud's theory was based on actual observations of infants, little effort was made to consider the effects of real experiences of loss.
The larval breeding sites of the group have been suggested to be dry fruits and blossoms [14], a view though which seems to be more of a qualified guess rather than based on actual observations.
(In the inquiry, Dr. Schön admitted to the fabrication, but said it was based on actual experimental observations).
The strength of behavioral economics is that it is based largely on actual observation of human behavior, not pure theory.
They concluded that the observed threats matched well with the actual threats, based on real observations.
Bank of England Governor Mervyn King has said "the time has now come to move it away from quotes, towards observations based on actual market transactions".
