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Finally, the ADBI's third source of information is based on a urine toxicology screen.
We selected all females 16 59 years of age from these two survey periods and categorized them as pregnant or nonpregnant based on a urine pregnancy test that was used to screen participants for exclusion from a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan.
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Moreover, we used the ACR based on a single urine sample.
However, daily predictions of intakes based on a single urine void using the creatinine-correction approach showed wide variability.
Albuminuria was defined as having UACR > =2.5 g/mol in males and > =3.5 g/mol in females based on a single urine test.
After the first 48 hours, the amount of fluid is corrected based on a minimum urine production of 0.5 ml × weight (kg)/hour.
Another limitation is that UACR assessments were based on a single urine specimen; this may have reduced the precision of the results because urinary albumin excretion shows considerable intraindividual variability.
Another limitation of this study is that Cd measurements were based on a single urine sample that does not capture possible significant temporal variations in U-Cd levels among NHANES participants.
Adibi et al. (2008) reported that for phthalates, the probability of correctly classifying a woman into a low-exposure group based on a single urine sample, if she truly had low exposure based on multiple measurements, was between 0.43 for monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and 0.95 for mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP).
1) Demographic: age, gender, race and body mass index (BMI) 2) Dialysis Related Factors: Duration of ESRD (also known as "vintage"), residual renal function (absent or present based on a residual urine output of less than 200 ml/day) and dialysis access.
Measures of albuminuria were based on a spot-urine collection.
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