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It includes longer passages to test reading comprehension and requires more essays, including one based on a spoken passage.
But some scholars challenge this theory, arguing that the signs are not true writing based on a spoken language.
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Chinese speakers in disparate dialect groups are able to communicate through writing, because standard written Chinese is based on a standard spoken language ("Mandarin").
Query-by-example spoken term detection is similar, but is based on an acoustic (spoken) input.
It is an idea based on, as one sceptic I spoke to (who wished to remain anonymous) put it, "the wrong and old-fashioned 'possession' view of memory".
As the regional organization of deliveries is often based on a 'hub and spoke' model, the timely identification of those infants in need of moderate to advanced respiratory support is crucial.
Test items were developed based on a corpus of natural spoken Chinese and field notes taken in China.
But that's no obstacle to Kiwi comic Sam Wills, whose whole act – now making waves throughout the world of comedy – is based on an inability to speak.
Gardiner adds layers of significance in his spirited liner notes, which are based on a tour diary: he speaks of visiting Buchenwald, outside Weimar; of a Leipzig pastor's resistance to East German oppression; of French soccer fans blasting their car horns moments after one performance ended; of a spooky old cleric congratulating the musicians on having administered a good beating to the Devil.
A rather pure Turkmen literary language had reemerged in the 18th century and remained in use until a new one based on spoken Turkmen was introduced after 1917.
Written partly in Old Church Slavonic, partly in the Old Russian language based on the spoken vernacular, The Russian Primary Chronicle includes material from translated Byzantine chronicles, west and south Slavonic literary sources, official documents, and oral sagas.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com