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However, analyses using genome-wide similarity between unrelated individuals (genome-wide complex trait analysis) indicate that the genotyped functional protein-altering variation yields a heritability estimate of 17.4% (s.e. 1.7%) based on a liability model.
These calculations were based on a liability threshold model, which assumes that the dichotomous distribution of Scheuermann's disease (affected versus not affected) reflects an underlying normally distributed liability in the population.
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Some commentators took Andrews as excluding strict liability and negligence cases out of constructive manslaughter, although contrary to the exact wording in the judgment there; however, a separate case also called R v Andrews convicted the defendant of constructive manslaughter based on a strict liability offence and this alternative proposition cannot be supported.
As such, estimates of the heritability of these traits based on observed data may be underestimates compared to estimates based on an underlying liability scale (Lynch and Walsh 1998; Roff 2001).
A New Hampshire federal jury awarded Bartlett $21.06 million for her injuries based on a New Hampshire products liability claim for defective design.
Mr. Tester's amendment calls for the assessments to be based on a bank's liabilities -- essentially any insured deposits plus other borrowings by the bank.
Her tort suit was based on a theory of strict liability for ultrahazardous activities.
Current proposals would eliminate damages not based on actual economic losses; also, victims would be unable to collect awards based on a bankrupt company's liability.
As the inquiry continues, prosecutors are weighing a number of possibilities, including bringing charges against SAC related to the Martoma case based on a theory of corporate criminal liability, according to people briefed on the case.
This information is critical because to establish a threat of director liability based on a disclosure violation, plaintiffs must plead facts that show that the violation was made knowingly or in bad faith, a showing that requires allegations regarding what the directors knew and when.
These critics advocate discounting pension liabilities based on a low-risk rate of return, akin to one for a very safe bond.
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