Furthermore, ancestral character states (inferred with BayesTraits 1.0) and ancestral ranges based on a Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis model were estimated and results׳ files were stored within this article.
Second, we used Lagrange v. 20130526 [ 80] to test the complex models of directional biogeographic expansion and inferred the geographic origin of the clade based on a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) model employing a maximum likelihood framework for testing models of geographic range evolution.
Simulation models were based on a stochastic dispersal of walking and flying individuals.
The dispersal function consisted of a probability density function (PDF) based on a fat-tailed (FT) dispersal kernel, which has been shown previously to best approximate dispersal in animals [ 49].
Based on an estimate of dispersal made previously for Rhagada, we conclude that the periods of connection have been too short in duration to allow for extensive overland dispersal or deep mitochondrial introgression.
These findings have been based on a replication of the standard dispersal-based algorithm implemented in Clearview 2.7, but from our analysis of similar algorithms by other groups, we can find no reason why these same artifacts should not also affect the performance of other algorithms when processing low-quality data.
Also, our results correspond to predicted dispersal distance based on a study investigating the influence of body mass and home range size on maximum possible dispersal distance (Bowman et al. 2002).
Recent studies of its congener Avicennia germinans in the AEP have provided supporting evidence for long-distance oceanic dispersals based on a close genetic relationship between populations from West Africa and South America [ 38].
Mosquito agents have a probabilistic response to their environment based on a prescribed set of rules governing dispersal and discrete events including feeding, resting, egg-laying, and death (see Supplemental Material, Figure S2, Table S1).
Here, we assess the potential for transgene dispersal via seed based on a model of crop populations and nationwide data on maize seed management [14].
Demographic and dispersal measures were based on a very large CMR dataset.
