There are currently phenomenological methods and mechanism-based methods to characterize healing in asphalt materials.
It is therefore recommended, when possible, to use digital elevation models produced from GPS or laser-based methods to characterize proximal deposits separately and to use tephra volume estimates for medial and distal deposits.
Motivated by the need of developing stochastic nonlinear model-based methods to characterize uncertainty for chemical process estimation, control, identification, and experiment design purposes, in this paper the problem of characterizing the global dynamics of single-state nonlinear stochastic system is addressed.
The limitations of culture-based methods to characterize diverse bacterial communities from environmental and clinical samples have been noted previously; however, many organisms missed by culture-based methods in the current study were theoretically culturable using conventional methods.
Array and NGS-based methods to characterize genetic variation (single nucleotide polymorphisms, short insertions and deletions, copy number variation, and structural variants), DNA methylation changes, microRNAs (miRNAs) differential expression, and other types of biological information have dramatically expanded the generation of biological data.
Impact-Echo (IE) is an elastic-wave based method to identify and characterize delaminations in concrete structures.
We here present laboratory based experimental and theoretical methods to characterize the filtration efficiency (FE) behavior of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) exposed to soot laden gas streams.
This chapter focuses on the combined use of experimental techniques based on photometric measurements and on statistical methods to characterize the visual appearance of metallic test probes.
As discussed in Sect. 2, methods to characterize the mechanical properties of brain tissue include rheological approaches based on shear or compressive loading.
Methods to characterize EVs are emerging and developing.
