Here we developed a color-based method to draw the contour of NP.
To examine the potential impact of the flawed absentee ballots on the final results, The Times retained Gary King, a professor of government at Harvard who has developed new statistical methods to draw inferences about individual voting behavior based on group voting patterns.
Many image segmentation methods have been proposed, which includes histogram based methods, edge detection based methods, region based methods, active contour model based methods, etc. Active contour model based methods have drawn a lot of attention in the past decade because of their significant advantages.
As in the sample random draws based method, after n r iterations the entire hypothesis has been generated and its quality can be assessed in the same manner as before by the associated information loss given by Eq. (17).
It can be readily seen that all of the solutions generated in the first generation, and thus the best solution of this generation too, are worse than the baseline solution of the repeated random draws based method (as witnessed by their relative fitness being lower than unity).
In each MC trial, we drew a sample of test scores from the designated distribution and applied the DeLong et al. method [ 3] and the U-statistics based method [ 9] to compare the AUC values.
Figure 3 shows the typical variation in the fitness of all samples in a generation across time as well as the fitness of the best solution, relative to the fitness of the solution produced by the baseline, repeated random draws based method using n r =100 (i.e. 25% of the samples are to be removed).
This is to be expected from theory; recall from the design of the experiment that in the first generation n g random solutions are generated whereas the repeated random draws based method performs n h =(1−r f )×n p ×n g +r f ×n p solutions which is equal to the number of unique solutions created by the genetic algorithm across all generations.
Indeed, the plot in Fig. 3 shows that the genetic algorithm finds a better than baseline solution after only five generations, i.e. after generating fewer than 10% of the number of solutions examined by the repeated random draws based method.
This method, Albert decided, is experientially based and proceeds to draw conclusions by the use of both inductive and deductive logic.
When only 12.5% of samples were removed, the average fitness of the solution produced by the pair-wise compatibility-based method was approximately 1.6 and 2 times greater than respectively the fitness of the average genetic algorithm based and the repeated random draws based methods.
