However, the percentage of open space near the home may also represent aspects of exposure to traffic or point-source emissions not captured by the GIS-based measures we used.
This suggests that it is possible to determine the self-expressed political attitude of individuals, at least for the self-report measure we used, based on structural MRI scans.
These methods are complementary to more conventional population based measures used to examine whether differences in frequencies of markers in specific ethnic groups may have arisen by chance [ 26].
Disasters like Hurricane Sandy were also, according to many estimates, net positives for the economy, based on the measure we use.
In those patients in whom the lactate concentration was not measured, we used a base excess (BE) of -4 mEq/l or worse or a bicarbonate below 20 mmol/l as surrogates for a lactate of 4 mmol/l.
The response-time based measures using affective valence generally showed negative 'implicit attitudes' toward doping regardless of involvement; and none were able to predict self-reported doping behaviour over and above explicit attitude measures.
Mapping of preference based measures using non-preference based tools is a growing area of study [ 13].
For measures of fasting glucose and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) based measures of insulin resistance, we used data from MAGIC of between 36 135 and 45 691 individuals, details of which are described in detail elsewhere (31).
The RxRisk-V [ 19] is a co-morbidity prescription based measure that uses patients' medication histories to determine the presence of 45 conditions [ 22].
In an attempt to reduce patient burden 'preference based' measures are often not used [ 8].
The Fresno test is a performance based measure for use in medical education that assesses EBP skills.
