The following appearance and geometric-based measures are used for each facial point in our HCPF tracking method: 1. ϕ p (s f ), the Euclidean distance between the sample coordinates and the corresponding previous position of the facial point, is the first measure done on a geometric feature: ϕ p ( s f ) = ( x c ( s f ) − x P ) 2 + ( y c ( s f ) − y P ) 2 (2) .
The regression results show that the size of the coefficients changes considerably when area-based measures are used instead of household-level measures, and that use of area-based measures smooths out important variation across the income distribution.
When preference-based measures are used in the process of allocating healthcare resources, it is the difference in cost-effectiveness (incremental cost per QALY) that is important, rather than the change in QoL [ 41].
However, some have observed a substantial discrepancy between area-based and individual-level income measures, and suggested that caution should be used in interpreting results from studies in which area-based measures are used as proxies for individual and household income [ 2, 12, 13].
In an attempt to reduce patient burden 'preference based' measures are often not used [ 8].
The flow theory and the experience sampling method (ESM) [ 22], based on repeated measures, were used in the study.
Composite area-based SES measures were used to quantify SES level and to calculate cancer incidence rates stratified by SES.
The standard scoring algorithms and the standard component summary measures were used based on the recommendations by the developers [ 17] and other similar studies from Hong Kong and Malaysia [ 18, 20, 21].
Further stratification of regressions is based on which inequality measure is used.
Cluster analysis (CA) based on euclidean similarity measure is used to group sites recording similarity in environmental parameters (Arumugam et al. 2013).
