Raman spectroscopy has proved to be an appropriate technique to probe defects in carbon-based materials owing to its high sensitivity, most often focused on the commonly used ID/IG parameter.
In the recent past, much attention has been focused to replace petroleum based products, with biodegradable materials owing to their cost-effective nature and good mechanical properties.
Recently, significant progress in photovoltaics has been achieved based on one-dimensional materials owing to the improved crystalline quality, efficient charge separation/transport process, and mechanical flexibility [9 15].
Tungsten carbides are used for cutting tools and hard-facing materials owing to their hardness and resistance to wear.
Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials are replacing traditional engineering materials owing to its properties.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are promising nanoreinforcing materials owing to the superior mechanical properties.
Iodine uptake can be distinguished from other materials owing to its stronger photoelectric absorption at low tube voltages [24].
Nanomaterials are also scientifically important codoped nanostructure materials owing to their extraordinary mechanical, optical, electrical, electronic, thermal, and magnetic characteristics.
Ferroelectric perovskite oxides have attracted considerable attention as photovoltaic materials owing to the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE).
Natural plant fibers can be environmentally-preferable industrial raw materials owing to their renewable, biodegradable and carbon-neutral features.
In recent years, shape memory materials have attracted much attention as functional materials owing to a variety of industrial and medical applications.
