Web - based learning has been shown to be cost effective in non-medical settings, with cost savings of up to 50% compared with traditional tutor led instruction [ 21].
Problem based learning has been shown to be an effective way of teaching public health [ 33] and to be a richer and more engaging approach to the teaching of epidemiology than traditional courses [ 34].
Rooted in the tradition of progressive education, project-based learning has been established as a child-centred education strategy in which teachers provide challenging learning environments with opportunities for self-directed meaningful activities under pedagogical guidance while also trying not to determine learners' thinking (Dewey, 1897; Kilpatrick, 1929).
Educational mini-games, one of the applications of game-based learning, have been widely used to benefit student learning.
In the context of vocational education and training (VET), apprenticeships and work-based learning have been promoted (e.g., European Commission 2015).
Modifications in the DE such as the Trigonometric Mutation Operator and the Opposition-based learning have been reported in the literature, with considerable advances in the results of many problems.
Project-Based learning have been traditionally designed and implemented on a know-how and trial-and-error basis, but tasks and decisions taken during the design phases of the training modules have a substantial effect on its quality and outcomes.
The motivational and immersive traits of game-based learning have been deeply studied in the literature, but the systematic design and implementation of educational games remain an elusive topic.
Active learning and inquiry-based learning have been shown to be effective means of teaching, resulting in students demonstrating a deeper approach to learning (e.g. Biggs 2003; Robbins and Roy 2007) that lead to higher performance on assessments (e.g. Eddy et al. 2013) and advanced intellectual development (e.g. Blackmore and Cousin 2003) if properly balanced with deliberate learning outcomes.
Different teaching methods (e.g., problem-based learning) have been designed to support students in acquiring professional attitudes [ 39].
