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Pre-estimated comparison gradient based approximation is used as a detector to find the promising offspring and in this way can we guide the individuals moving towards the feasible region.
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If the risk is acceptable, then scenario-based approximation is used to handle the residual uncertainty in the critical parameters.
Finally, an additional, well-suited harmonic-balance and describing-function-based approximation is used for the nonlinear part, introducing the multi-coordinate describing functions (MCDFs) and the multi-coordinate describing-function matrix (MCDFM).
A response surface method (RSM) based on diffuse approximation is used; this technique has been proved more efficient than classical gradient based methods since it requires fewer iterations and convergence is guaranteed especially for nonlinear problems.
In order to speed up the process, an approximation is used based on the assumption of no conjugate point.
A FGPM beam finite element based on Timoshenko's hypothesis and layerwise approximation is used.
A normality approximation is used to estimate p-value.
For the hydrodynamic calculation, Zimm's method based on the rigid-body approximation was used.
To predict the variation of refractive index n versus x, the Bruggeman effective medium approximation was used based on the approach described in [25].
An analytic model, based on the binary collision approximation, was used in order to gain insight into low-energy ion surface interactions as a function of ion energy and ion-to-metal flux ratio.
An axially dispersed plug flow model with non-linear isotherm based on the linear driving force (LDF) approximation was used to predict the fixed-bed breakthrough curves for H2S adsorption from biogas on sewage sludge thermally treated.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com