For high-level representation, sparse coding-based approaches have shown better performance in image classification which usually adopt SIFT for low-level feature extraction.
Previous studies using cultivation-based approaches have shown that these antibiotics resulted in short-term ecological effects on the indigenous gut microbiota [7], [20], [21].
Bayesian network (BN -based approaches have shown the advantage of revealing causal relationships, rather than simple cooccurrences, of PTMs.
On a number of benchmark datasets, graph-based and kernel-based approaches have shown comparable prediction accuracy, but graph-based approaches are generally faster [ 11, 20].
Different gene-, cell-, and protein replacement-based approaches have shown some promise, but massive hurdles must still be mounted and clinical implementation is likely to be in distant future.
Recent voxel-based approaches have shown that the whole brain volume in obese individuals is less than that in individuals of normal weight, indicating that the relationship between BMI and reduced brain volume is not limited to older adults and is found across the adult life span (10).
Market based approaches have been shown to reduce subjectivity and encourage consensus because one must consider the likelihood of consensus when selecting which solutions to invest in[27].
Frequency based approaches have been shown to predict these accurately, however, they require the solution of eigenvalue problems or the inversion of Helmholtz-type operators which are known to be very difficult for large-scale iterative solvers.
While in deterministic systems optimisation based approaches have been shown to yield some success [ 8, 9], the problem in stochastic systems is compounded by the fact that the true state of the system is also a random variable, and its distribution must be inferred (the so-called state inference problem).
RNA interference (RNAi) based therapy approaches have shown potential to overcome the limited efficacy of current treatments.
