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Applied moments were monitored and recorded by a multi-axial load cell at the base of the specimen.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) was slowly supplied from the base of the specimen to gradually replace the air within it.
Histopathology of this resected tissue appeared to show tumour of intermediate malignant grade at the base of the specimen.
Although the urothelium in normal samples was stripped, a small portion of the underlying lamina propria/connective tissue remains inherently attached to the base of the specimen and may explain the clustering of these tumor specimens with normal urothelium.
A custom built piezoelectric force beam, with a resolution of 1 × 10-4 N and a frequency response of 2500 Hz, measured force at the base of the specimen, providing the analysis signal.
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The steel reinforcement at the base of the specimens locally limited the expansion of the slabs and as such created an expansion gradient which increased with the advancement of the alkali-silica reaction.
In order to prevent brittle shear failure, stirrups were conservatively designed based on the specimens made of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) without fibers.
In order to minimise any possible shear forces, the base plate of the specimen was fixed to an x– y table on ball bearings, allowing free movement in the x– y plane.
It is noteworthy that in B.O. method, surrounding area of the base of the core specimen can influence on the results and it causes an increase in ultimate force.
The elevation of the base of the test specimen with respect to the stillwater depth (air gap) was also varied from at-grade to 0.28 m above the stillwater level to better understand the effects of raising or lowering a nearshore structure on increasing or decreasing the horizontal and vertical wave forces.
The proposed compensation method is based on a ray-tracing algorithm that accounts for the change in refractive index that alters the optical path and wavelength of the illumination and observation light, taking into account the real geometry of the optical set-up and using a customized B-spline based parameterization of the specimen shape.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com