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Items were chosen on the base of face validity.
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This criterion considers the relative horizontal acceleration and velocity between the bottom (T1) and top (C1) of the cervical spine and has face validity based on current literature.
In the SeMaS questionnaire, two out of four items from the perceived competence scale were used to determine the level of self-efficacy, based on face validity [ 19, 32, 33].
We chose this cut-off based on face validity and examining the distribution of the number of healthcare tenants in enclosed malls.
Ordinal scales were recoded as 0, 0.5 or 1 deficit based on face validity and the distribution of data.
Items were selected based on face validity with the aim of including as many diverse social factors as possible, given the aim of capturing complexity.
A gold standard does not exist for assessing the quality of RCTs and so checklists demarcating important features of quality and scales based on a quality of reporting checklist are assessed based on face validity and content validity from a theoretical model founded on accepted criteria [ 57, 58].
Outcomes of interest were objective tests which, based on face validity, aimed to measure functional capacity, physical activity or muscle strength in the clinical setting.
The thematic grouping was only validated by the researchers based on face validity.
For ordinal and continuous variables, coding was based on face validity using clinical judgement and according to distribution of the data [ 22].
Therefore, categorisation was based on face validity.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com