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Asp has been proposed as the base for activation of the water nucleophile.
In DExx-box proteins (including helicases), the residue immediately following the aspartate in motif II is a conserved glutamate that acts as a catalytic base for activation of the water molecule required for ATP hydrolysis (Soultanas et al, 1999).
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Recently discovered and characterized fluorogen activating proteins (FAPs) are based on scFvs, selected for activation of otherwise nonfluorescent dyes from a yeast surface display library and subsequently affinity matured for tighter binding.
The alcohol of the 6α hydroxyethyl moiety is directed away from the general base carboxy-K84, with implications for activation of the deacylating water.
More important is their role as a base for the activation of either the substrate or the oxidant, giving rise to different types of attack, i.e. electrophilic attack on carbanions or nucleophilic attack with peroxoanions.
Although too far for direct interactions with substrate, the conformational change seems to affect the position of two neighboring catalytic residues, R194 that interacts with the triphosphate and E53 that serves as general base for nucleophilic activation of the substrate's 5′-hydroxyl group.
This paper presents an alternative technique for the stabilisation of CEBs, based on alkali activation of fly ash.
Cells expressing the 3a proteins showed ER stress based on activation of genes for the ER chaperones GRP78 and GRP94.
NEDD9 has been defined as a component of an intracellular signaling switch that is important for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), based on activation of its downstream effector Rac [21].
The observation that caspase-9 wactivatedted independently of cytochrome c release, prompted us to look for ER-dependent factors that might be responsible for sphingoid-base phosphate-induced activation of procaspase-9.
These results suggest that NK-4 is a potential agent for therapy for neurodegenerative disorders based on the activation of survival signaling pathways.
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