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At L3, mean stiffness was greatest when the posteroanterior force was applied in a base direction; it was 11% less when the force was applied 10 degrees more caudad than the base direction and 14% less when the force was applied 10 degrees more cephalad than the base direction.
We define the direction perpendicular to the plastic tubes as the base direction.
Results of statistical analysis from more than 40 fibers indicate that the angle between the axis of fibers and base direction is within the limit of 4° for all fibers (Fig. 2c).
Then, yj||θj~ Normal for j = 1,...,6 for the 6 possible base direction changes.
Similar(56)
Significant regional anisotropy was found only along the apex-to-base direction.
The longitudinal direction represents the apex-to-base direction and the open conduit represents the open mitral valve.
In order to generate a net hydraulic force in the apex-to-base direction, a difference in short-axis area between the LA and the LV is required.
This difference in short-axis area between the atrial and ventricular sides of the AV plane is the anatomical basis for the generation of a hydraulic force in the apex-to-base direction during diastole.
This complex semi-rigid AV plane easily slides along the pericardium in the longitudinal (apex-base) direction, since the pericardium is lubricated by the pericardial fluid, which allows for near frictionless contact and motion between the two structures.
This back-and-forth motion of the AV plane in the apex-base direction is similar to that of a piston that displaces blood during its motion22,45, as clearly visible in CMR cine images44.
This illustrates the reason for choosing the largest short-axis area in the LA and in the LV to estimate the hydraulic force in the apex-base direction in the heart.
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