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Explanations that do not focus on GC content or base composition have been proposed in the past.
The genome size (∼410 Mb) and the base composition have been estimated by flow cytometry, and karyotypes have been characterized.
While this model of mtDNA replication has been challenged in recent years (reviewed in [ 62]), asymmetric trends in base composition have been confirmed [ 54].
In conclusion, the structural features are (almost) identical between the four analyzed B. schlosseri mitogenomes, showing a situation not comparable with that previously observed in the C. intestinalis cryptic species, where significant changes in gene order, NCR and base composition have been found (Iannelli, Pesole, et al. 2007).
String counts, after correction for underlying base composition, have been assembled into vectors known as genome signatures, reflecting their apparent distinctiveness between genomes (Karlin and Mrázek, 1997; Karlin et al. 1997; Karlin, 1998; Karlin et al. 1998; Campbell et al. 1999).
In the frame of the adaptive point of view, several environmental factors significantly correlated with the DNA base composition, have been reported in bacteria: competition for metabolic resources [ 11], anaerobiosis [ 12], endosymbiosis [ 13], environments/habitats [ 2], growth temperature [ 14], and "aerobic respiration" [ 15].
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The non-randomness or inhomogeneity of base composition has been described at different levels of complexity and sequence length.
These fragments were sequenced in both directions and base composition has been determined at positions carrying previously identified species-specific SNPs.
Base composition has been shown to bias sequencing efficiency, thus coverage may be low for sequences with high GC or AT content [ 17].
First, when SNP allele frequencies are analyzed, no requirement for base composition stationarity is needed; this is relevant since base composition has been shown not to be at equilibrium in mammals [ 42, 43].
Although biased base composition has been a challenge to the Sanger sequencing methods, it has continued to be a major problem for the current high-throughput Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies [ 3].
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