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The resulting cast frogs were fitted with artificial glass eyes and airbrush painted with acrylics in either brown or blue resembling the base colouration of non-breeding males or females and that of breeding males as assessed by the human eye (Fig. 2).
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As we were interested in habitat influences on colour we limited our study of yellow warblers to the environmentally acquired carotenoid based colouration, and did not examine plumage streaking in these populations.
However, the analysis of digital photos has proved to be a useful tool to study colouration in animals in general (Bergman and Beehner 2008) and also for the study of carotenoid based colouration in birds (e.g. Fitze et al. 2003; Perez-Rodriguez 2008; Mougeot et al. 2009).
Here, we tested whether blood corticosterone concentration affected carotenoid-based colouration, and whether a trade-off between colouration and PSR existed.
As the intensity of carotenoid-based colouration is determined early in nestling development [ 18], food provided in captivity most likely did not affect plumage colouration.
Newton had tried to find a more descriptive name, perhaps based on colouration, but found it difficult.
Fish were identified as juveniles based on colouration and body size (<4 cm total length, and <25% of maximum adult total length).
Carotenoid based plumage colouration may reflect environmental carotenoid availability (e.g. [ 14, 17]), but could also represent an individual's genetic or phenotypic quality and their ability to consume, modify, transport and/or deposit carotenoids.
Birds were sexed based on morphology (males are larger than females [ 61]) and aged based on gape colouration (as in other corvids, gape colour in NC crows changes over time from pink, through mottled grey, to black [ 49, 62]).
According to Amadon, the Rodrigues and hoopoe starlings were related to Asiatic starlings—such as some Sturnus species rather than to the glossy starlings (Lamprotornis) of Africa and the Madagascan starling (Saroglossa aurata), based on their colouration.
According to Amadon, the Rodrigues and hoopoe starlings were related to Asiatic starlings, such as some species of Sturnus, rather than the glossy starlings (Lamprotornis) of Africa and the Madagascan starling (Saroglossa aurata); he concluded this based on the colouration of the birds.
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