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miR-93 inhibits CSCs and initiates mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) in basal type of breast cancer cells such as SUM159 by targeting AKT3, SOX4 and STAT3.
Fillmore C. and Kuperwasser C. supposed that CD24+ population was mainly characterized by less differentiated basal type of breast cancer, and CD44+ cells caused the development of luminal form of breast cancer, being more differentiated type of tumor [37].
In addition, MDA-MB-435S is a triple-negative cell line (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 negative) that belongs to the basal type of breast cancers [38], and that are typically unresponsive to receptor-targeted treatments.
It has been reported that the basal type of breast cancer is correlated with poor clinical outcome (van de Rijn et al, 2002).
Knowing that the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231, which almost completely lost both miRNAs, is derived from a basal type of breast cancer, we analysed various types of human breast cancer.
Women with the basal type of breast cancer had more often the first distant metastases at multiple sites compared with women with other subtypes of breast cancer (13 (50.0%) of 26 vs. 56 (26.9%) of 208, P = 0.015; Figure 2).
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The fact that the majority of cells in DCIS.COM were tumorigenic may explain why patients who have basal types of breast cancers do poorly compared with those with the other types of human breast cancers.
As predicted from using cancer cell lines, we confirmed that basal types of breast cancers, characterized by an undifferentiated phenotype and poor clinical prognosis, show reduced expression of both miRNAs compared with the common ductal invasive type of breast cancer (supplementary Fig 2E online).
Tan et al [ 53] demonstrated that increased levels of Ki 67 show a correlation with immuno-negativity for estrogen receptors, high tumor grade and increased mitotic activity, while in another study Kuroda et al [ 54] showed high levels of Ki-67, p-53 and P-glycoprotein more in basal than in non basal types of breast cancer.
This pattern is the same as that found in the so-called 'basal' type of breast cancer, a subclass of breast cancer.
Many individual markers such as stem cell marker Bmi-1, lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), FOXC1, α9β1 integrin, and monocarboxylate transporter 1 were studied to find specific markers for basal-like breast carcinoma [ 23– 27]. Lee et al. [ 28] found that the basal-like type of breast carcinoma displays a distinct promotor methylation pattern.
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