To obtain a basal point for tracing the evolutionary changes of orthologous nGPCRs in duplicated (teleost) and nonduplicated (tetrapod) genomes, we first defined the nGPCR inventory in the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of these species.
Steppan et al. [ 7] derived divergence estimates from a four nuclear gene concatenation, using a variety of different estimation methods and a 12 My fossil calibration point for the basal radiation of all extant Murinae.
We also included representatives of other plethodontids (Aneides, Ensatina, Plethodon, and Desmognathus) in order to take advantage of the crown group of plethodontids as a basal calibration point for our analyses.
This suggests that when FC migrates rapidly, it cannot provide a firm anchoring point for the flagellum, hence it brings no or minor contribution to basal body separation.
Likewise, the IM serves as an attachment point for the intracellular protein cytoskeleton (Shih & Rothfield, 2006), and the basal constituents of the flagellum (Berg, 2003).
Point estimates for the basal divergence of extant cuckoos range from ∼47 to 79.5 Myr (Supplementary Table 10), a range that reflects the continuing debate over whether extant avian orders originated before or after the K T boundary 46,47.
However, a recent study with insulin aspart and insulin detemir as the prandial and basal insulins, respectively, challenged this notion by investigating two different strategies for determining the 'main meal', i.e. the starting point for basal-plus initiation 21.
Abnormal epidermoid metaplasia and basal hyperplasia is the starting point for epithelial atypia.
The striatum is a key entry point for cortical information into the basal ganglia.
Further, the putative ulnar basal tubercle (insertion for the hypothenar muscles) is larger and protrudes more ulnarly and proximally than does the radial basal tubercle.
