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N. rajah does not produce runners as some other species in the genus, but older plants are known to form basal offshoots.
The MT-CYB protein topology (Additional file 5D) showed one cluster of red neck species, a second cluster grouping all grey neck species, and placed the red neck A. nancymaae specimens as basal offshoots.
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Brasenia schreberi (water shield) and the seven species of Cabomba constitute a basal offshoot of Nymphaeaceae, which may also be split off as the family Cabombaceae.
Parasitiformes is oddly recovered as a basal offshoot in both analyses.
The most basal offshoot within Euthyneura is a clade composed of Acteonoidea and Nudipleura, both forming a sister group relationship.
The monophyletic Sacoglossa (98/1.0) combine clades with shelled and shell-less representatives, with Gascoignella nukuli (Platyhedylidae) as the most basal offshoot of the latter.
Another possibility would be to treat anactinotrichid mites as a basal offshoot from the lineage leading to the Tetrapulmonata + Ricinulei group.
This clade that had resulted repeatedly in molecular studies with still limited "lower heterobranch" taxon sampling, either in a derived position [ 34, 41] or as a basal offshoot within Euthyneura [ 15, 17].
ML and Bayesian reconstructions using Dat-CON showed two sister lineages, one leading to the most basal offshoot represented by A. nancymaae and another to a clade grouping the seven other Aotus taxa.
The ultimate recognition of the giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca as the most basal offshoot in the bear family, after more than a century of debate since this species' discovery in 1864, was one of the most spectacular events in the history of modern phylogenetics [ 4- 8].
The major hypotheses confirm the monophyly of Mollusca and Conchifera, but differ extensively in the position of the respective subgroups to each other and in particular in determining the most basal offshoot of the molluscan tree, thus still rendering the molluscan evolutionary origin enigmatic (Fig. 1).
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