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They would include the true carnosaurs and coelurosaurs described below as well as a few relatively large carnivorous basal forms (such as Torvosaurus, Spinosaurus, Baryonyx, Afrovenator, and Megalosaurus).
The skull's shortening and deepening started in abelisaurid basal forms, such as the Aptian-Albian Kryptops palaios and the Cenomanian Rugops primus, both from Niger36,37, and reached its extremity in the Carnotaurinae taxa.
This is the generalized condition of adult non-sauropod sauropodomorphs (including Melanorosaurus; [10]), whereas in sauropods the crest usually has a more restricted extension (even in basal forms such as Antetonitrus, Lessemsaurus, Vulcanodon).
None of the preserved dorsals of Leonerasaurus have the spinoprezygapophyseal laminae present in sauropods (including the incipiently developed laminae of posterior dorsals in basal forms such as Antetonitrus and Lessemsaurus).
This is variably expanded into the cervical and sacral series in pterodactyloids and some relatively derived basal forms such as Rhamphorhynchus [41], and extends into the sacral vertebral series and into the ilium and pubis in Anhanguera santanae (Figs. 1 a f, 4, S2; Text S1).
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During the Carboniferous, temnospondyls included basal medium-sized forms such as Dendrerpeton or large semiaquatic forms such as Cochleosaurus.
These observations support the idea that in the development of CaP, CD44 isoform expression changes progressively from CD44s to high-molecular-weight variant forms such as CD44v3-10, and that CD44s basal cell expression is lost with overexpression of variant forms in CaP cells (Hao et al, 2010).
On examination, her facial features were normal, exhibiting no evidence of the transsphenoidal form of basal encephalocele such as hypertelorism, a flattened nasal bridge, or a midline notch in the upper lip, commonly associated with morning glory disc anomaly.
For example, basal chordates, such as cephalochordates (amphioxus) or tunicates (ascidian), form simple tadpole larvae with a small number of cells, and share the same basic body plan with vertebrates (Jeffery 1992; Yu et al. 2007).
The handling of these vesicles is, however, not sufficient to form a functional basement membrane, as in addition to the epithelial contribution, some components of the basal ECM such as collagen IV are supplied by macrophages [60].
This four-sacral condition is rare in basal sauropodomorphs but resembles that of Melanorosaurus28, Leonerasaurus29, and the basal sauropods such as Barapasaurus30 and Shunosaurus31.
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