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Once- or twice-daily Lantus (insulin glargine; Sanofi, Paris, France) or Levemir (insulin detemir; Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) were mainly used for basal coverage.
It could be hypothesized that early aggressive physiologic insulin replacement with both prandial and basal coverage results in rapid improvement in glucolipotoxicity, reduction of the inflammatory milieu, and consequent greater preservation of β-cell function.
As the function of long-acting insulin analogues is to provide basal coverage, ideally the GIR profiles should not only have no significant peak effect, but also show minimal day-to-day intra-patient variability.
For example, even the longest-acting preparation, human ultralente, with a peak insulin level at 10 14 h post-injection, did not always provide adequate basal coverage with once-daily administration at the lower dose levels [ 51, 58].
Insulin aspart has been incorporated into a premix formulation: biphasic insulin aspart 30/70 (BIAsp 30), comprising 30% rapid-acting, soluble, aspart for prandial coverage and 70% intermediate-acting, protaminated aspart, for basal coverage.
These data were confirmed in a meta-analysis [ 79] and support the usefulness of ILPS as an insulin analog for basal coverage in non-pregnant patients with T1D or T2D.
Similar(51)
Adherence was reported as both a continuous variable (0 100%) and a dichotomous one with a threshold of ≥80% PDC considered 'adherent.' Persistence was measured as the number of days of continuous basal insulin coverage (using adjusted days' supply) prior to a gap in medication coverage.
The resulting percent hemlock basal area coverage correctly identified hemlock dominated pixels (> 40% basal area) with 83% accuracy.
A substantial amount of data exists comparing insulin glargine and neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin for long-acting basal insulin coverage.
Arterial spin labelling-functional MRI acquisition consisted of 200 alternating labelled and unlabelled volumes acquired with full basal ganglia coverage.
Upon DKA resolution, given the possibility of fluctuating oral intake, use of once-daily long-acting insulin glargine or detemir to provide basal insulin coverage is encouraged.
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