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Initiatives to address this disparity have focused on barriers to presentation, symptom recognition, and referral for specialist investigation.
All barriers to presentation, except transport difficulties, decreased with age.
Health beliefs included perceived benefits of early symptomatic presentation, emotional barriers to presentation, practical barriers to presentation, perceived risk, and confidence in symptom detection.
Participants identified on average 1.8 barriers to presentation out of a possible 10.
We analysed nine questions assessing cancer symptom awareness and 10 questions assessing barriers to presentation.
Women more frequently reported barriers to presentation, especially fear and embarrassment.
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About two-thirds of participants (62%) identified at least one barrier to presentation, and approximately a third of all participants (30%) reported three or more barriers.
Participants were least likely to report that difficulties in arranging transport to the doctor's surgery would be a barrier to presentation (6%).
Concern about wasting the doctor's time, and appearing to be neurotic or hypochondriac, has been cited as a barrier to presentation [ 31, 32].
Fear of embarrassment and shame can also act as a barrier to presentation, particularly when symptoms are located in 'private' areas of the body [ 12, 20, 31].
Age group, gender, marital status, educational level, employment status and area income deprivation were all associated with reporting each barrier to presentation in the multivariable models (Table 3).
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