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The skin serves as a barrier to the external world, and the mucus-secreting and ciliated membranes of the upper respiratory tract trap inhaled foreign material and bacteria, transporting them to the pharynx where they are either swallowed or expelled by coughing.
This chapter focuses on active food packaging, which performs some desired function other than merely providing a barrier to the external environment.
In addition to its light refraction function, corneal epithelium also serves as a protective barrier to the external environment.
Because the intestinal epithelium is the largest surface barrier to the external environment, barrier maintenace is critical for the organism's survival.
The tight junctions (TJs), characteristically located at the apicolateral borders of adjacent epithelial cells, are required for the proper formation of epithelial cell polarity as well as for sustaining the mucosal barrier to the external environment.
The intestinal functions are complex and comprise not only nutrient digestion and absorption but also a defensive action as an immunological and physical barrier to the external environment.
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This is perhaps not surprising, as the corneal epithelium acts as an external barrier to the outside environment and is thus regularly exposed to environmental pathogens.
As suggested in the section on external accountability, targets, expenditure categories, and budgets that are determined at the county, provincial or national level may pose a barrier to the functioning of external accountability approaches [ 24, 26, 28, 29, 32].
Epithelial cells can form a tight monolayer that presents a barrier to prevent the external agents from entering the circulation.
In addition, even if community members have been capacitated to hold providers to account, power differentials between citizens and providers will continue to pose a barrier to the effective functioning of external accountability mechanisms.
The ionic silver has broad spectrum activity against bacteria and fungi, and the cuff provides a mechanical barrier to the migration of microorganisms along the external surface of the catheter [ 1].
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