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Canada's deposits are even larger: estimates range from 1.6 trillion to 2.5 trillion barrels of bitumen (which is also called "oil sands" or "tar sands").
Production at 2009 was approximately 1.2 million barrels of bitumen and synthetic crude oil [3].
The vast Athabasca Oil Sands of Alberta, Canada has an estimated resource of more than 1.7 trillion barrels of bitumen in-place, the majority of which is hosted in the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation.
On a world-wide basis there is an estimated 5.6 trillion barrels of bitumen and heavy-oil resources which occur in over 70 different countries, with most of the heavy-oil in Venezuela and most of the bitumen in Canada.
About one-quarter of the 1.7 trillion barrels of bitumen resource located in Alberta, Canada is hosted in thin reservoirs with thickness less than about 10 m and is at this time considered inaccessible by current commercial recovery processes such as Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and Cyclic Steam Stimulation.
A month ago, another pipeline burst, spurting 31,500 barrels of bitumen onto a nearby First Nation.
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In Canada, tapping tar sands deep underground consumes half a barrel of water for every barrel of bitumen (viscous oil) produced, according to the Alberta government.
But tar sands operations are especially voracious, consuming about 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas to convert a barrel of bitumen into the light crude that refiners want.
Regarding the steam, the parameter that defines the demand is the so-called steam to oil ratio (SOR), which represents the number of barrels of steam required to extract a single barrel of bitumen.
For each barrel of bitumen produced in Canada's oil sands industry, approximately 0.5 2.5 barrels of freshwater must be withdrawn from local waterways to aid in the processing of the mined ore.
With 2.5 to four barrels of water consumed for each barrel of bitumen produced, and millions of litres of poison leaking daily into the Athabasca watershed, the tar sands are sacrificing water for petroleum.
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