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We chose a barcoding approach based on three molecular markers that have been demonstrated to provide good resolution for species delineation in some Mollusca [ 23- 25].
A DNA barcoding approach based on cox1 sequence diversity has been utilized for identification of closely allied species [ 43].
However, a DNA barcoding approach based on cox1 sequence diversity has been utilized for identification of closely related species [ 51].
Species identity of a representative subset of the slugs collected in the third field screen and of the slugs used in the first experiment was characterized using an established DNA barcoding approach, based on DNA sequencing of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR -amplified fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) [ 23].
The use of a barcoding approach based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provides a line of evidence from a genome separate to nuclear DNA in that it is not associated with the machinery of sex and also carries several intrinsic problems associated with its evolution including maternal inheritance, reduced effective population size, introgression and heteroplasmy [ 4].
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We establish a novel approach based on a much shorter barcode sequence and demonstrate its effectiveness in archival specimens.
To protect the confidential secret of the QR tag and the decoding by a barcode reader directly, we designed a secret QR hiding approach based on the property of the QR standard [5, 16] in this article.
Recent studies [ 7, 13– 15] have identified high throughput sequencing (HTS) approaches based on meta-barcoding as a suitable alternative for existing methods.
Certain gene regions of the five barcoding markers based on GenBank annotations were then obtained.
Dowton et al.26 proposed "next-generation" DNA barcoding based on multilocus data in which they incorporated multispecies coalescent species delimitation.
The most successful molecular approach in this field is DNA barcoding based on cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) marker, but other markers are used as well.
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