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In addition, we found that the complete bandgap can be obtained in a large range of radius R of dielectric rod when the half width of intersecting veins d is larger than 65 nm.

Accordingly, the optical bandgap can be obtained by extrapolating the corresponding straight lines downwards to the photon energy axis in the Tauc plot[29].

An increased interatomic spacing decreases the potential seen by the electrons in the material, which in turn reduces the size of the energy bandgap (a direct increase/decrease in the interatomic distance, and consequently, bandgap, can be obtained also by applying high compressive/tensile stress [29, 30]).

An increased interatomic spacing decreases the potential seen by the electrons in the material, which in turn reduces the size of the energy bandgap (a direct increase/decrease of the interatomic distance and, consequently, bandgap can be obtained also by applying high compressive/tensile stress [29, 30]).

Co3O4 is a p-type semiconductor, and its optical bandgap can be obtained from the following equation[16]: (Ahv) n = B(hv − Eg), where hv is the photon energy (eV), A is the absorption coefficient, B is a constant relative to the material, Eg is the bandgap, and n is either 1/2 for an indirect transition or 2 for a direct transition.

Accordingly, the optical bandgap Eg can be obtained by extrapolating downwards the corresponding straight lines to the photon energy axis in the Tauc plot [31].

The exact bandgap values can be obtained by employing a Tauc analysis of (hνα 2 versus hν plots derived from the absorption spectra.

The rare earth doping of Si as a means to obtain efficient light emission 1.5 μm has attracted a lot of interest [1 7] since, given its indirect bandgap, Si photoluminescence can be obtained only through strong quantum confinement [8].

The relationship between the bandgap and crystallite size can be obtained using a number of models.

From the absorption spectrum, the optical bandgap of SnS2 particles can be obtained which is shown as the inset in Figure 3. Snano-particlescles reacting for 12 h generated a band-gap value of about 2.66, 0.3 eV larger than its bulk phase due to the quantum size effect.

The bulk bandgap energy for different Cd compositions can be obtained from the empirical relation [13, 14] given by E g x = E g ZnS + E g CdS − E g ZnS − 0.61 x + 0.61 x 2 Open image in new window (5) Open image in new window Figure 8 Calculation of the optical bandgap from the UV-visible absorption spectra.