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The waters of the United States alone receive some 80m tonnes a year of ballast water.
Most known invasive species entered the Great Lakes in ballast water.
Then they treat the ballast water with chemicals or ultraviolet light.
Last year, environmentalists sued to close a loophole allowing ships to discharge ballast water without regulation.
The chemical menadione, a natural product marketed as SeaKleen, can be used to treat ballast water.
Unfortunately changing ballast water at sea takes time — and time in the shipping industry is money.
They make 500 to 600 voyages a year to the Great Lakes, most without their ballast water ever being inspected.
The Environmental Protection Agency does not regulate ballast water discharges, leaving that responsibility to the United States Coast Guard.
The rig's legs, extending 20m under the sea, contain ballast water which shifts around to control swaying.
Until now, they were only required to flush their tanks at sea, a system called ballast water exchange.
Most invasive species that enter the Great Lakes do so through ballast water, taken on by ships for stability.
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