Sentence examples for ballast m from inspiring English sources
Table 2 Maxima and minima displacement values for the different combinations No. H ballast (m) H sub-ballast (m) H supercomp. (m) Mr embankment (N/m2)a Mr ballast (N/m2)a |E*| sub-ballast (N/m2 b Displacements Min.
The ballast layer is 0.5-m thick and it is resting on a large layer of green clays.
A composite bridge with six simply supported spans of 12 m and ballasted track is selected as case study for the crossing of the TGV-double high-speed train.
The data show that a narrow ballast thickness (H = 0.35 m) gives a less rigid response, with the exception of the last peak.
Ballast thickness: from 0.35 to 0.50 m; Sub-ballast thickness: from 0.08 to 0.20 m; Super-compacted layer thickness: from 0.25 to 0.45 m; Embankment resilient modulus: from 6.0E+07 to 1.2E+08 N/m2; Ballast resilient modulus: from 3.5E+07 to 5.0E+07 N/m2; Sub-ballast complex modulus2 [14]: from 1.00E+09 to 5.0E+09 N/m2.
In the combination No. 13 we obtain a nearly equal result increasing the sub-ballast thickness up to 0.20 m.
In this work, the aerodynamic coefficients of the ETR500 train, measured through wind tunnel tests, for the standard TSI infrastructure scenarios (flat ground with and without ballast and rail and 6 m-high embankment) and for a typical Italian viaduct are presented.
A 0.3 m thick layer of ballast was also considered for both the 2D and 3D models.
Moreover, by increasing the ballast thickness from 0.35 to 0.50 m we do not obtain a substantial improvement in terms of stress, while going from the combination No. 2 to the combination No. 6, and thus increasing the super-compacted layer thickness we have an improvement of the reaction on the bed surface of around 10%%.
Tantalizing clues include a large pile of ballast stones, burned wood, rum bottles and Ming porcelain shards dating from the Kidd era.
In addition, angular velocity and angular acceleration measured in the field tests indicate that the rotations could cause extra moments up to 5000 N-m on top of the ballast layer.
