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Most of the heroin imported into Europe travels along the "Balkan route" — from Afghanistan to the Balkans, via Turkey — but drug agencies have also noticed the development of the "southern route," which stretches from Iran and Pakistan via Africa or the Arab Peninsula.
The same applies to non-EU countries on the Balkan route, such as Serbia and Macedonia.
They then pick up the Balkan route that begins on the Turkish coast.
That changed late last summer, when the first few Syrians found the Balkan route to Europe.
"Since March, affected countries along the Balkan route have brought transit traffic to a virtual standstill".
Pleas from Athens to fellow EU member states to reopen the Balkan route have fallen on deaf ears.
The summit addressed practical issues rather than political ones, including a proposed joint distribution of tasks along the Balkan route.
Tusk, the European council president, set off on a three-day tour of six countries along the western Balkan route.
"The reason for this development is the continuous decline of migration via the Balkan route," the Swiss migration office said.
And Slovenia's prime minister, Miro Cerar, said: "The so-called western Balkan route for irregular migrants is no more".
Since the closure of the Balkan route earlier this year, the number of refugees arriving in Mannheim has dropped considerably.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com