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Excellent bactericidal activity was shown by the Ul-ZnO Nps on Gram positive (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilis) and Gram negative (Escherichia coliand Proteus vulgaris) bacteria.
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Results of the bactericidal activity are shown in Table 1; the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results are expressed as µg/L inhibition.
Photographs of handwash solutions and bactericidal activity were showed in Figure 4.
The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC = 8 mg/mL) had a bacteriostatic effect, similar activity is shown against V. cholerae Tor (MIC = 8 mg/mL).
When the pH of each mineral leachate was adjusted to pH 7.0, using 1 M sodium hydroxide, bactericidal activity was eliminated (data not shown), demonstrating an important role for low pH conditions in antibacterial activity.
In other experiments to investigate the effect of pH on the antimicrobial efficacy of 4.8 mM copper (II) sulphate alone no effect was seen except in the case of samples adjusted to pH 9 (using NaOH) when bactericidal activity was lost (results not shown).
The bactericidal test results of this study, defined by MBCs, showed that vancomycin bactericidal activity was not inferior to that of oxacillin and teicoplanin against MSSA.
As shown in Fig. 7B, the bactericidal activity was suppressed by the increasing concentrations of all salts.
As shown in Figure 4, both the compounds revealed increased activity at acidic pH (pH-4.0) and a dose dependant bactericidal activity was also observed.
The coating bactericidal activity was initially strong.
Maximum bactericidal activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3.
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