Sentence examples for bacterial structures such as from inspiring English sources

Much remains to be learnt about the strategies N meningitidis employs to evade aspects of immune killing, including mimicry of host molecules by bacterial structures such as capsule and lipopolysaccharide, which poses substantial problems for vaccine design.

We previously hypothesized that bacterial structures such as endotoxins bind to the end of procollagen in the cartilage ECM [ 19].

It is generally unknown how complex bacterial structures such as PGNs are perceived by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and whether host hydrolytic activities facilitate decomposition of bacterial matrices and generation of soluble PRR ligands.

For example lipid-based predominantly bacterial structures such as mycobacterial lipopeptides and lipopolysaccaride are recognised by TLR2 (in combination with TLR1 or TLR6 as heterodimers) and TLR4 (as a homodimer), respectively, while viral and/or bacterial nucleic acids are recognised by TLR3 (stranded RNA (dsRNA)), TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 (CpG motifs in DNA).

It is also important in the defence against gram negative bacteria including P. aeruginosa by cleaving bacterial cell surface structures, such as flagella.

However, there are a number of recognized challenges to phage therapy, including insufficient numbers of phages introduced, the prior existence or evolution of bacterial resistance, and bacterial inaccessibility or protective structures such as biofilms (for discussions see, e.g. Abedon 2011, 2012; Kutter et al. 2009; Harcombe and Bull 2005; Levin and Bull 2004; Scott et al. 2007).

The frequency of HGT should be even higher if bacterial endosymbionts exist in asexual structures, such as spores and hyphae in fungi 67.

Harking back to Paley's argument from design, creationists contend that complex structures such as the bacterial flagellum could not have occurred by chance (purposeless or directionless) processes in the same way that a Boeing 747 could not have assembled itself from airplane parts by a tornado blowing through a junkyard.

Tsps are components of the tail apparatus of many bacteriophages, and mediate the specific recognition of its bacterial host by binding to surface structures such as polysaccharides [20] [27].

Of these, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial structures such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid, flagellin and bacterial DNA, all of which are present in various micro-organisms [ 1- 3].

Thus, it is clear that bacterial pathogens have adopted variations on the successful theme of using tandem repeats of structures such as the immunoglobulin fold to interact with host proteins, thereby promoting productive infections.