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In fact, the presence of l-Trp (10 mM) led to a bacterial protection similar to the one observed with d-mannitol; while in the presence of sodium azide, no protection was detected.
For sodium azide as singlet oxygen quencher, there is no bacterial protection than that obtained in the presence of l-Trp which was comparable to that obtained with d-mannitol, used as free radical scavenger.
CA is associated with bacterial protection against desiccation, extreme temperatures and acidic environmental conditions [ 12, 13], as well as against osmotic and oxidative stress [ 14].
Hence, Kef is part of a synergistic bacterial protection system, in which the electrophiles are detoxified and, in parallel, their effect is neutralized by modulation of the cellular pH.
We propose that MLP evolved specifically in the monotreme lineage supporting the evolution of lactation in these species to provide bacterial protection, at a time when mammals lacked nipples.
We report here the utilization of a microarray covering the whole genome of Staphylococcus aureus to evaluate the behavior of the bacterium upon cellular internalization, a phenomenon potentially contributing to bacterial protection against host defenses, and important in the context of chronic infections.
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Thus, these functions may work together to provide nutrition and bacterial cell protection in a hostile host environment (Figure 5).
Proteins involved in peptidoglycan synthesis and modification (four genes) are also likely to be involved in bacterial cell protection by strengthening the cell wall, as suggested by the significantly greater tendency of cell lysis observed for the plcR mutant strain than the wildtype strain (this study).
This property potentially contributes to bacterial persistence, protection from antibiotics and evasion of immune defenses.
Therefore, although known virulence factors are certainly crucial for bacterial survival, protection and interaction with the host, putative new virulence factors that could subvert host cell physiology and response remain yet to be identified.
This study identified B. pseudomallei genes directly regulated by σE in response to oxidative stress and revealed the indirect role of σE in the regulation of the polyamine spermidine (via regulation of speG) for bacterial cell protection during oxidative stress.
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