Whole-genome sequencing is a powerful high resolution tool that can be used to generate accurate data on bacterial population structure, phylogeography and mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance.
The variation in the SSTs conformed to the clonal model for bacterial population structure (28 ), and the maximum parsimony method generated a phylogenetic tree with no homoplasies, i.e., the lack of independent occurrence of a polymorphism in more than one branch of the tree.
In addition to bacterial factors, complexities such as bacterial population structure, host genetics and host immune status are likely to play a role in the linking of clinical status and bacterial virulence.
The effects on the bacterial population structure are short-lived and become non-significant difference compared to non-fumigation after fumigating 2 3 months (Liu et al. 2015; Wei et al. 2016).
However, to facilitate their experiment the authors excluded herbivores and natural predators of the insect host from their experimental plot; the effects of these on host population dynamics, transmission and bacterial population structure were therefore not investigated.
Chloropicrin significantly altered bacterial population within 4 weeks of application, and the effect on bacterial population structure became non-significant 4 months later after treatment (Wei et al. 2016).
Several studies by Shanks et al. found evidence for a strong influence of different diets (e.g., forage vs processed feed) on bacterial population structure as well as on MST marker prevalence and abundance in feces of different cattle populations in the United States.
This finding corroborates the assumption of an epidemic bacterial population structure within a background population comprising a network between different genotypes, and that superimposed strains emerge from highly adaptive, ancestral genotypes and may be persistent for decades (35 ).
It is widely recognized that recombination highly influences bacterial population structure [7].
PFGE analysis demonstrated that the bacterial population structure in northern Viet Nam has important similarities to that seen in the south (Figure 2).
