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Bacterial persistent infections are major causes of human morbidity and mortality.
Bacterial persistent infections are responsible for a significant amount of the human morbidity and mortality.
In this study, events of bacterial persistent infections were analyzed using game theory.
Unfortunately, our knowledge about the basis of bacterial persistent infections is not adequate to effectively prevent and treat such infections.
From the analysis of Nash equilibria (see above), we can infer the following conditions for bacterial persistent infection: 0<x1*<1 0<y1*<1 0<y2*<1 0<y2*<1 To put in words, during persistent infection, bacteria stays in both extracellular and intracellular compartments of the host and the host counteracts the bacterial pathogen using both extracellular and intracellular defense mechanisms.
Using H. pylori, M. tuberculosis and S. typhi as model pathogens, Blaser et al. have proposed that bacterial persistent infections represent a co-evolved series of nested equilibria, conforming to Nash equilibria, operating simultaneously in multiple levels (cellular, populational and evolutionary levels) [1].
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Our findings have implications for understanding the emergence of antibiotic resistance and bacterial persistence and designing novel drugs and vaccines targeting L-form bacteria for improved control of persistent bacterial infections.
DOCK8 deficiency impacts long-term memory of B cells as well as of virus-specific CD8+ T cells [ 79- 81], which might explain the susceptibility to bacterial and persistent viral infections.
This distinction is crucial because bacterial loads between persistent and intermittent carriers vary widely (about 1000 fold more CFUs in persistent carriers [ 54]), which puts persistent carriers at a higher risk of acquiring SA infections [ 11, 15].
As a persistent bacterial infection, periodontal disease leads to a chronic and systemic challenge with bacterial substances and host-derived inflammatory mediators that are capable of initiating and promoting systemic diseases.
Persistent acute inflammation due to non-degradable pathogenic stimuli such as a viral or bacterial infection, a persistent foreign body, or an autoimmune reaction results in unresolved wound healing with consequent chronic inflammation.
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