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This finding is, however, not sufficient to warrant a role of M. alkalescens as a cause of bronchopneumonia, since we also found two samples containing only a non-pathogenic M. bovirhinis, and two samples without any bacterial or viral pathogens, despite the fact that they derived from calves with clinical signs of a respiratory disease.
Large amounts of an anti-inflammatory cytokine called Interleukin-10 are released and, in these quantities, this molecule weakens the body's defences to bacterial or viral pathogens.
(BOSTON) — It remains mysterious why humans get infected by some bacterial or viral pathogens relatively easily while animals that have very similar tissues and immune functions do not.
The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against bacteria and viruses, and provides the adaptive immune system with the necessary information to create custom-made B and T cells that target specific bacterial or viral pathogens.
Acute respiratory infections caused by bacterial or viral pathogens are among the most common reasons for seeking medical care.
These high mortality rates in cod hatcheries are due to poor egg quality and infection with either bacterial or viral pathogens.
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By presenting antigens, MHC is involved in elimination of bacterial or viral pathogen, rejection of cancer cells, and rejective response on organ transplantation.
CSF analyses showed no bacterial or viral pathogen or pleocytosis.
Nonvirulent S. suis strains have been hypothesized to cause disease in immunocompromised animals or humans who have a concurrent infection with another bacterial or viral pathogen(s) (5 ).
aAn outbreak is defined as ≥3 ill persons infected with the same ETEC serotype and no other viral or bacterial pathogens, or >10 ill persons with the same serotype and no more than one other bacterial or viral pathogen identified.
In accordance with Dalton et al., we defined a confirmed ETEC outbreak as one in which ETEC isolates of the same serotype were isolated from >3 ill persons and no other viral or bacterial pathogens were identified, or one in which ETEC isolates of the same serotype were isolated from >10 ill persons and no more than one other bacterial or viral pathogen was identified in a single stool specimen.
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bacterial or viral infections
bacterial or viral diseases
bacterial or viral cultures
bacterial or parasitic pathogens
bacterial or viral systems
bacterial or viral STIs
bacterial or viral biomarkers
bacterial or viral microorganisms
bacterial or fungal pathogens
bacterial or viral products
bacterial or viral filters
bacterial or viral antigens
bacterial or viral agents
bacterial or viral subtypes
bacterial or viral capsids
bacterial or viral coinfections
bacterial or viral encounters
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