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Another problem has been that ancient DNA in bone, the usual source, is heavily contaminated with bacterial DNA.
Working with bacterial DNA, Lindahl began the search for enzymes that repair faulty genetic mateial.
Antioxidants and perhaps other compounds in the spices were found to help protect the bacterial DNA from damage.
(Chinese researchers recently adopted a similar approach: they converted cells isolated from human urine directly into neurons, using bacterial DNA that does not integrate into the chromosome).
A special feature of the test is that it detects minute amounts of human DNA in stool samples, distinguishing it from the copious bacterial DNA.
The TB test, called a line probe assay, costs less than $8 and detects mutations in bacterial DNA linked to drug resistance.
The intron did not always sit passively in the bacterium's chromosome but would instead sometimes spring free and reinsert itself at another site in the bacterial DNA.
Instead of using a virus to deliver the reprogramming genes, the researchers used a small circular piece of bacterial DNA which can replicate in the cytoplasm.
Dr. Robbins said she planned to extract ancient bacterial DNA from the Indian skeleton and hoped it might resolve how the disease originated.
Omasal samples were also analyzed for total bacterial DNA.
We believe that the DNA recovery procedure presented in this study is promising Furthermorent DNA extrecoveryfrof a single bacterial cell.
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