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This same pattern of rapid but attenuated neutrophil accumulation in the lung air spaces also occurred upon intratracheal injection of ADAM17-null mice with the Gram-positive bacterial constituent lipoteichoic acid (Arndt et al. unpublished results), a functional equivalent to LPS that instead induces neutrophil infiltration into the lung via TLR2.
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As such, species-specific, culture-independent quantification methodologies need to be developed to elucidate the concentration of specific bacterial constituents of NTCs.
Neutrophils have surface receptors that have evolved to recognize and bind to surface bacterial constituents and trigger the cell to engulf the bacterium and induce the secretion of biologically active molecules, such as cytokines (e.g. TNFα) and MPO (Kumar and Sharma 2010).
The liver is a site for continual exposure to bacterial constituents and food antigens.
Moreover, bacterial constituents like flagellin and lipopolysaccharide have been shown to activate MAPK signaling pathways in IEC [40], [41].
The liver possesses distinct tolerogenic properties because of continuous exposure to bacterial constituents and nonpathogenic food antigen.
Coarse PM often contains bacterial constituents (Schins et al. 2004).
The bacterial constituents are continuously shed into our surrounding environment; consequently, exposure to endotoxin is extremely widespread.
On the other hand, LTA is certainly one of several bacterial constituents released after antibiotic-treatment from S. aureus.
Intense chemotherapy and irradiation result in damage to the gastrointestinal tract, allowing bacterial constituents to enter the systemic circulation.
This study used the results from the Gut Microbiotassay to quantify the taxonomical groups, and NGS to access the bacterial constituents.
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