The activity of Akt in signaling immune pathways is induced in some cases by the presence of bacterial components, such as the lipopolysaccharide from gram-negatives [ 41] or peptidoglycan from gram-positives [ 42].
We also cannot reject non-pheromonal explanations of the leukocyte recruitment to the upper airways, such as the effect of bacterial components inhaled from contaminated soiled bedding during sniffing.
The liver is continually exposed to gut-derived signals, including those originating from bacterial components and products, through the receipt of ~70% of the blood supply from the portal vein, which enables direct venous outflow from the intestines.
Bacterial components, specifically lipopolysaccharide from gastrointestinal microorganisms, leak from the gastrointestinal tract after tissue damage induced by the conditioning regimen and enter the systemic circulation.
It is conceivable that the diseased respiratory tract in CF may facilitate translocation of bacterial components or pro-inflammatory cytokines from the lungs to the systemic circulation where it incites an inflammatory response.
In the absence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacterial components to stimulate innate immunity in our purified Cry11Aa crystals, our results suggest that the cells divert metabolism to membrane remodeling and tissue junction sealing, rather than functions for which no stimuli is detected.
Taken together, our data are summarized in Figure 8. Binding of LPS derived from bacterial components to TLR4 initiates intracellular-signaling cascades, initially leading to the recruitment of adaptor molecules such as MyD88, IRAKs, and Mal proteins.
It also found that the more the children were exposed to a certain bacterial component, the less likely they were to have allergies.
