Indeed, this is the case for bacterial STIs such as gonorrhea and syphilis [16], [92], [93].
While bacterial STIs such as gonorrhea and syphilis, which also amplify the risk of HIV transmission [ 34], tend to be concentrated in high risk groups [ 35], the biological characteristics of HSV-2 allow this virus to be sustainable at high levels in the general population, as observed in sub-Saharan Africa [ 36].
Co-infections with bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially ulcerative STIs such as syphilis or lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) have also been proposed as risk factors for HCV transmission among HIV-positive MSM [7], [9], [10], [24], [32], [40].
Untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as syphilis, gonococcal infection, bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia are documented causes of miscarriage [ 42].
Finally, we tested only for bacterial STIs and did not test for common viral and protozoan STIs, such as herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus and Trichomonas vaginalis.
While inequalities in access to STI treatment may account for disparities in bacterial STIs, they are less likely to account for differences in viral STIs such as HSV-2[ 27].
Cases of STIs, such as chlamydia, are on the rise – with under-25s most at risk.
People who shaved, waxed, trimmed or plucked their pubic hair were found to be twice as likely to have cutaneous STIs such as herpes which can spread via the skin.
Failing to take the precautions necessary for preventing HIV infection can also leave people vulnerable to other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, herpes or gonorrhoea.
Other STIs such as HIV, herpes, and genital warts (HPV) are more troubling, have no cure, and require management of the disease and symptoms.
STIs, such as gonorrhea, usually become symptomatic soon after infection, and testing and treatment were simple and widely available, making STI surveillance an accessible indicator of HIV risk.
